The Llama, the Incas, Perú and the Andes
by Charles Young and Karl Klooster

Perú

In regard to both the Incas and the Spanish colonization of South America, Perú is, without a doubt, the first among equals of all the Andean nations. The ancient city of Cuzco was the capital of the vast Inca Empire and residence of the Sapa Inca. Magnificent Machu Picchu is the reigning relic, a monument to that once all-powerful civilization.

When the Spaniards conquered the Incas, they established their capital at Lima. Through that city passed untold treasure - gold and silver, emeralds, turquoise, pearl-white beads, and glistening seashells - destined for Spain and the coffers of the Spanish monarchy. The famed English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh was quoted as saying, "We consider the King of Spain to be superior to all the other kings and princes of Europe because of the riches and wealth of the kingdom of Perú."

Among all these riches, there can be no doubt that gold was by far the most coveted - the ultimate in wealth, with silver running a close second. But, to the Incas gold meant even more. In the Inca culture, it was a religious symbol, a mark of power and a badge of nobility.

The greatest honor bestowed by Inca royalty upon allies or subjugated princes was to initiate them into the Rite of Gold, placing golden sandals on their feet. The palaces of Cuzco were laden with tribute from conquered tribes, precious metals and stones brought back by the army. By order of the almighty Sapa Inca, "no gold or silver brought into Cuzco could be removed from the city under pain of death."